Reliable geometric monitoring in three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) is limited by dust, variable lighting, surface wetness, and latency-induced inconsistencies across sensing modalities. This work develops a latency-resilient fusion framework using heterogeneous non-contact distance measurements including depth imaging, time-of-flight ranging, and ultrasonic echo sensing, to reconstruct nozzle-surface distance (NSD) in real time. The results highlight the robustness of multi-modal sensor fusion for real-time NSD estimation and establish a viable pathway toward adaptive, feedback-enabled automation in 3DCP.

This paper provides an insight into an integrated lean and BIM implementation project supporting a highly modular and offsite production process on a data centre project. The case study highlights how lean and BIM can help the team to visualise the production plans, control the production in the field, report accurate production status and support the continuous improvement process.

This report presents a comprehensive analysis of the plastering trade in Ireland augmented by detailed analysis form the South East region. The study explores both current and future dynamics within the sector, with a particular focus on understanding the balance between labour demand and the available supply of skilled plasterers.